New York Medicaid Guide

*Updated for 2022

No longer being able to offer care to a loved one is tough situation that many must face. If you or a loved one is about to enter a nursing home or need assistance with Medicaid, the New York Medicaid Guide created by our Buffalo Elder Law Attorneys will help you manage your loved ones future.

What is Medicaid in New York?

Medicaid provides payment for institutional and community-based care for eligible persons who are treated by participating institutions and practitioners. Medicaid covers nursing home care and all other medical care including home care, acute hospital care, physicians and pharmacy.

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When is a person over age 65 eligible to receive Medicaid?

Medicaid is a means-tested, needs-based program with limitations on income and resources. Anyone who meets the income and resource limitations is eligible to receive Medicaid.

Availability of income/resources (assets):  What are the current asset and income levels that allow Medicaid eligibility?

INCOME:Income is broadly interpreted, and includes earned and unearned income and most government benefits.

The current monthly income limit for a family of one seeking community based Medicaid (i.e., care in the home) is $934.

The current monthly income limit for a spouse of an applicant seeking coverage for nursing home care is $3,435 plus 75% of the excess.

The current monthly income limit for the nursing home applicant is $50.

 RESOURCES: The resource or asset limit for a family of one seeking community based Medicaid (i.e., care in the home) is $16,800 plus $1,500 in a separate burial account.

The spouse of an applicant seeking coverage for nursing home care is allowed between $74,820 and $137,400 in resources, plus $1,500 in a burial account.

Income and resource levels are subject to yearly adjustments.

What resources are not counted when determining Medicaid eligibility?

Exempt from inclusion in the Medicaid eligibility resource limit is $955,000 equity in your family residence; irrevocable pre-paid burial expenses; personal and household property; one automobile; and any life insurance policies with a face value of less than $1,500.

The family residence must be the primary residence of the applicant, and/or his or her spouse or minor or disabled child. It may be a one, two, or three family house, and also includes any attached property. In order to qualify as the family residence (referred to by Medicaid as “homestead”), the home must be necessary and appropriate to the applicant. Therefore, if an individual with no spouse and/or no minor disabled child enters a nursing home and is not medically expected to return home, he or she would no longer have an exempt homestead due to the fact that the home would no longer be “necessary or appropriate” for that individual. It would then be treated as an available resource for Medicaid eligibility purposes.

How can an individual whose income exceeds the Medicaid limit still qualify for Medicaid?

As discussed above, the income limits are $934 (for care in the home) or $50 (for nursing home care) for a family of one, and $3,435 plus 75% of the excess for a community spouse of the Medicaid applicant. If the individual has otherwise met Medicaid eligibility requirements, that individual would have to contribute any income over these amounts toward the cost of the care of the institutionalized individual on a monthly basis.

What are Department of Social Services’ (DSS) requirements to determine Medicaid eligibility for long-term care?

 In order to qualify for Medicaid in New York State, the following must apply:

• The applicant must be a resident of New York State;
• The applicant must meet the current monthly income limit subject to the contribution discussed above; and
• The applicant must meet the resource limits discussed above.

What is “spending down”?

If the value of the applicant’s resources are over the allowed amount, that individual would be expected to use his or her assets to pay for his or her long-term care, or “spend down” for care until his or her resources were depleted to the resource exemption amount applicable to that person. In other words, the individual is spending down his or her assets to meet the eligibility resource requirement.

What are DSS transfer of asset rules?

Any asset transferred for the purpose of qualifying for Medicaid is considered an impermissible transfer of assets for which a penalty is imposed. Any transfer of assets for which the transferor does not receive “fair market value” is considered a transfer for the purpose of qualifying for Medicaid unless it can be proven that the transfer was made for another purpose.

Any transfer or sale of an asset for which the applicant receives the fair market value, no penalty period will be imposed.
For transfers made exclusively for some purpose other than qualifying for Medicaid, no penalty period will be imposed. An example of this type of transfer would be to repay an outstanding debt or a gift as part of a long-established pattern of gift-giving.

A period of ineligibility (“penalty period”) will be imposed for any transfers of assets which do not meet the above criteria. A period of ineligibility for Medicaid institutional services will result from these transfers. Medicaid will calculate the period of ineligibility by the following statutory formula: the dollar value of the transfer divided by the average monthly cost for one month of nursing home care equals the number of months of ineligibility for Medicaid institutional services. The average monthly cost of care for each region of New York is:

Long Island (Nassau/Suffolk)	$14,012
New York (5 Boroughs)	$13,415
Central (Syracuse, Broome, Cayuga, Oswego, etc.)	$11,328
Northeastern (Albany, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Schenectady, etc.)	$12,560
Northern Metropolitan (Westchester, Dutchess, Orange, Rockland, etc.)	$13,399
Rochester (Monroe, Ontario, Seneca, etc.)	$13,376
Western (Buffalo, Erie, Niagara, Genesee, etc.)	$11,884

 

For example, if Mr. Smith of Buffalo gives $118,840 to his son as a gift, Medicaid will calculate the period of ineligibility by dividing the gift amount by the average monthly cost of nursing home care ($11,884) to equal the number of months of penalty: $118,840/11,884 = 10 months.

There is a 60-month look-back period for all transfers of assets. The penalty period starts on the first day of the month after which assets have been transferred for less than fair market value, or the first day of the month the institutionalized individual is receiving nursing facility services for which Medicaid would be available, whichever is later. Beginning April 1, 2022, there is a Medicaid transfer penalty for those applying for Medicaid Managed Long Term Care or other home care services; or for the Assisted Living Program. The lookback applies to new applications beginning April 1, 2022 for transfers made on or after October 1, 2020.

Any transfer of assets between spouses incurs no penalty period. However, any transfer by either spouse to a third party will create period of ineligibility for the institutionalized spouse, subject to the transfer rules stated above.

Can I give my home to my son/daughter so the nursing home won’t take it?

The transfer of a personal residence will result in a period of ineligibility unless the personal residence is transferred to one of the following individuals:

• A spouse of the individual;
• A child of the individual who is under 21 or certified blind or permanently and totally disabled;
• The sibling of an individual who has an equity interest in the home, and was residing in the home for at least one year immediately before the date of institutionalization; or
• An adult, non-disabled son or daughter who is residing in the home for at least two years immediately before the date of institutionalization, and who was providing care to the individual which permitted him or her to reside at home.

An “equity interest” is defined as having an ownership interest in the property as evidenced by being named on the deed, having paid monthly mortgage payments or having made capital improvements.  “Providing care” is defined as making arrangements or actively participating in the arrangement for care, either directly or indirectly, full time or part time.

Can I sell my home to my son/daughter for less than its full value and still get Medicaid?

Any transfer for less than full value is subject to imposition of a period of ineligibility calculated on the difference between what full market value of the asset was and the amount which the individual received for the asset.

Will Medicaid pay for home care?

Medicaid home care services include:

• Part-time or intermittent nursing;
• Home health aide services;
• Physical, speech, and occupational services;
• Personal care services;
• Care provided through the long-term health care program (“nursing without walls”).

To obtain these services, one must have a written order for a plan of treatment by his or her physician, and must pass a “nursing assessment” and a “social assessment”, which will assess the individual’s need for and appropriateness of the care.  The plan of treatment must be approved by the provider prior to commencement of the home care services.

Most importantly, the average net monthly cost of the proposed care is then compared against the average monthly cost in a residential facility to determine if the plan of care is cost effective.  If the average monthly cost of the home care exceeds 90% of the cost of institutionalization, the home care will be denied in favor of placement in a facility, subject to certain exemptions, which are stringent.

How do Medicaid rules differ for a single person and a married person whose spouse is still living in the community?

A single individual applying for nursing home coverage is allowed to keep $16,800 in resources and $50 in monthly income and be eligible for Medicaid. A married person in the community is allowed to keep a maximum of $137,400 in resources and $3,435 plus 75% of the excess in income monthly.

The residence of a single individual who will not return home will become an “available” resource for Medicaid qualifying purposes. An institutionalized married person who will never return home retains the exemption on his or her personal residence as long as the community spouse lives there.

 

Medicaid Trusts

1. What is a Medicaid trust?

A Medicaid trust is a trust established by an individual usually for him/herself or for the individual and spouse which contains terms that make the assets transferred to it “unavailable” to pay for the individual and/or his spouse’s home care or nursing home care.

2. Why create a Medicaid Trust?

Transferring assets to a Medicaid Trust is an effective strategy for protecting an individual’s assets from the high cost of home care and nursing home care.

3. Can I change my mind after I create a Medicaid Trust?

Generally, no.  A Medicaid Trust is an irrevocable trust.  Except in rare cases, it cannot be revoked or amended, nor can assets be transferred from it back to its creator.

4. How are assets managed when part of a Medicaid Trust?

Assets are managed by a person chosen by the creator of the trust known as the “trustee”.  S/he has a duty to act in the best interest of the trust beneficiaries.  The creator of the trust may give the trustee very broad or very narrow powers.  The trustee has the duty to invest the trust assets wisely.

5. Who can be a trustee for a Medicaid Trust?

• The creator of the trust may name anyone to be a trustee, however, an individual under age 18, incompetents, nondomiciliary aliens, and felons are not eligible.
• The trustee should be someone that the creator of the trust feels is a mature and responsible person. He or she should also have at least some business and investment experience.
• The creator of a Medicaid trust may not be its trustee.

6. Are Medicaid Trust assets considered when Medicaid eligibility for Long-Term Care is evaluated?

If at least 60 months has passed since the assets were transferred to the Medicaid Trust, the assets are not considered.  However, the income earned by the assets is considered.

7. What are the advantages of creating a Medicaid Trust?

• Transferring assets to a Medicaid Trust is an effective strategy for protecting assets.
• The trustee must act in the best interest of the trust beneficiaries and must invest the trust assets wisely.
• Outright transfers may not be appropriate because there are no children or close relatives, or a person may not completely trust an ultimate beneficiary or may doubt his maturity, wisdom or ability to manage the assets.
• The use of a trust may reduce the time and expense associated with the administration of a person’s estate.
• The use of a trust may save income, gift and/or estate tax.

8. What are the disadvantages of creating a Medicaid Trust?

• A Medicaid Trust is irrevocable. Once it is created it cannot be revoked or amended, nor can assets be transferred from it back to its creator.
• The creator of a Medicaid Trust is generally entitled to only the income generated by the trust assets, not the assets themselves.
• The transfer of assets to a Medicaid Trust is subject to a 60-month look back period.
• IRAs and certain pensions cannot be transferred to a Medicaid Trust.
• The drafting of a Medicaid Trust is more expensive that outright transfers. There are also certain ongoing administrative responsibilities.

     9. What’s The Difference between Transferring My Home Using a Life Estate Deed and a Living Trust Deed?

To preserve your home from the devastating costs of nursing home care, you can transfer it to your children with either a life estate deed or a deed to an irrevocable living trust. With both the NY life estate deed and the irrevocable living trust:

• You will avoid probate.
• You can preserve your home from nursing home and home care Medicaid costs beginning five years from the transfer.
• Your home property will still qualify for any property tax exemptions such as veterans and senior citizens exemptions that were available prior to the transfer as long as you continue to reside in your home.
• Capital gains when your children sell the home will be calculated on a stepped-up basis which is the value at the date of your death rather than your original cost basis.
• Social Services cannot require you sell your life estate interest or to rent out your home while you are on Medicaid.
• You have the right to live in your home for the rest of your life. During your lifetime your children can’t make you move out.
• Your home will not be subject to Medicaid estate recovery when you die because it avoids probate.

With the irrevocable living trust, your home is deeded to the trustee(s), instead of directly to your children and thus, avoids these disadvantages of the life estate deed:

• If you rent out your home while you are on Medicaid, any net rental income that you receive is counted in determining your eligibility for Medicaid.
• If your child files for bankruptcy, a large sum of money would have to be paid to the bankruptcy trustee.
• If your child dies, his or her remainder share may pass through his estate to his spouse or children.
• Judgments against your child would be liens against your house.
• If you decide to sell your home and buy another home, you would have to start all over again with the five-year look-back period.
• If you sell your home while you are on Medicaid, part of the sale proceeds will be a countable resource for determining Medicaid eligibility.
• You will lose your $250,000 ($500,000 joint return) exclusion on the capital gains from the sale of your primary residence.

Another advantage of the irrevocable living trust is that other assets, such as bank accounts and certain investment accounts that you wish to preserve, can also be added to it.

For advice from New York Elder Law Attorney Robert Friedman on preserving your assets home from nursing home costs, complete our Medicaid Planning Form and call 716-542-5444